Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a large and robust toad with a distinct
rostral head. This species has a distinctive tympanum (ear-drum) which at least two-third the diameter of the eye.
They have thick dry skin with prominent cranial ridges and protruding parotid (saliva) gland and the lines of warts
along the back and sides. They are one of the common toads and mostly found in disturbed lowland habitats from open
areas along beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. However, they are uncommon in
dense forests. Although Asian Common Toads are insectivorous, they are also opportunists that will feed on a variety
of arthropods including scorpions and mollusks.
The Dead Leaf Mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) is renowned for its remarkable camouflage,
resembling a dead, dried leaf, an adaptation that helps it avoid predators and ambush prey. Native to Southeast
Asia, this mantis thrives in tropical forests. Its incredible mimicry extends to mimicking the movements of a leaf
blowing in the wind, making it almost invisible to both predators and prey. As a skilled ambush predator, it remains
motionless, blending in with its surroundings until an unsuspecting insect, such as a fly, cricket, or moth, comes
close enough to be snatched by its powerful front legs. When threatened, it adopts a defensive posture, spreading
its forelegs and wings to appear larger and more intimidating.
The Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) is a vibrant bird known for its stunning blue, green, and golden plumage, making it one of the most colorful birds in its range. These expert fliers perform aerial acrobatics while hunting for insects, particularly bees and wasps, which they catch in mid-air with precision. To avoid stings, they skillfully remove stingers by striking their prey against a hard surface before eating. Highly social, Blue-tailed Bee-eaters are often found in large flocks, breeding in colonies and nesting in burrows dug into sandy banks or flat ground. These migratory birds move between breeding and non-breeding areas across South and Southeast Asia and parts of Australasia.
The Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum cruentatum) is easily recognized by the brilliant
scarlet streak running down its back, contrasting with its dark blue-black upperparts and white underparts.
Measuring only about 9 cm in length, these tiny birds primarily feed on nectar, berries, and small insects, playing
a crucial role in pollination and seed dispersal. Known for their quick and agile flight, they flit rapidly between
flowers and fruiting trees, adding a lively presence to gardens and forests. Despite their small size, they have a
loud, distinctive call, a series of high-pitched notes that can be heard before the birds are seen. Commonly found
in gardens, forests, and plantations across South and Southeast Asia, these birds thrive in both rural and urban
environments.
The White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) captivates with its vibrant plumage,
boasting a bright blue back, wings, and tail complemented by a chestnut head, distinctive white throat, and belly.
Found across South and Southeast Asia, these adaptable birds inhabit various habitats such as forest edges,
farmlands, and urban areas. Known for their skilled hunting prowess, they perch patiently before diving swiftly to
catch preys which includes insects and small reptiles. During breeding season, pairs excavate nesting burrows in
earthen banks or termite mounds, often reusing them over multiple seasons. Their vocalization, a series of cackling
laughs, is characteristic during territorial displays.
The Long-legged Marsh Glider (Trithemis pallidinervis) is known for its striking appearance,
featuring a slender, elongated body with vibrant colors ranging from reddish-brown to yellow, and long, delicate
legs. These dragonflies inhabit various freshwater wetlands like marshes, ponds, lakes, and slow-flowing rivers.
Renowned for their agile flight, they can hover in place, dart swiftly, and make sharp turns to catch prey
mid-flight. Voracious predators, they feed on small insects such as mosquitoes and flies, playing a crucial role in
controlling pest populations. Females lay their eggs in or near water, with larvae living underwater for several
months to a year before emerging as adults. Beyond pest control, these dragonflies serve as important indicators of
healthy freshwater ecosystems.
The Great Egret (Ardea alba) is a stunning bird renowned for its elegant all-white plumage,
long neck, and sharp, yellow bill, standing up to 1 meter tall with a wingspan over 1.3 meters. Found worldwide in
tropical and temperate wetlands, they prefer shallow waters like marshes, lakes, rivers, and coastal estuaries where
they hunt fish, frogs, and small mammals. They build large stick nests in trees or shrubs above water, often in
colonies with other herons and egrets, providing a safe haven for their eggs and chicks. Some populations migrate
seasonally between breeding and wintering grounds, where Bandar Bukit Raja is one of their wintering ground.
The Striated Heron (Butorides striata) is a small and agile heron species. It sports a cryptic pattern of dark
streaks and spots on its upperparts, complemented by a white throat and underparts, allowing it to blend seamlessly
into its marshland and mangrove habitats. Found across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Africa,
Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, Striated Herons prefer coastal and freshwater habitats such as mangroves,
swamps, rivers, and ponds. Expert hunters, they use their sharp bills to spear fish, frogs, small reptiles,
crustaceans, and insects, employing patient stalking and swift strikes. Highly adaptable, they thrive in urban
parks, gardens, and residential areas with suitable water sources.
Assassin Bug
Acanthaspis petax
Acanthaspis petax, a species of assassin bug exhibits remarkable camouflaging abilities. Nymphs create intricate mounds on their backs using ant carcasses and other debris, a form of camouflage known as corpse camouflage or masking. This adaptation helps them evade predators especially jumping spiders and ambush prey like ants, flies, and small grasshoppers. Adults, unlike nymphs, sport a distinctive red and black pattern and are less reliant on camouflage. Acanthaspis petax stalks its prey, using its proboscis to inject paralyzing saliva and digestive enzymes, liquefying the prey's tissues for consumption.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Dead-leaf Mantis
Deroplatys desiccata
The Dead Leaf Mantis (Deroplatys desiccata) is renowned for its remarkable camouflage, resembling a dead,
dried leaf, an adaptation that helps it avoid predators and ambush prey. Native to Southeast Asia, this
mantis thrives in tropical forests. Its incredible mimicry extends to mimicking the movements of a leaf
blowing in the wind, making it almost invisible to both predators and prey. As a skilled ambush predator, it
remains motionless, blending in with its surroundings until an unsuspecting insect, such as a fly, cricket,
or moth, comes close enough to be snatched by its powerful front legs. When threatened, it adopts a
defensive posture, spreading its forelegs and wings to appear larger and more intimidating.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
House Centipede
Scutigera coleoptrata
The house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata) is a distinctive, beneficial insect known for its long, slender body, typically yellowish-gray with three dark stripes, and 15 pairs of long legs that enable it to move quickly. As effective predators, they help control household pests like spiders, cockroaches, ants, and termites. These nocturnal hunters use their sensitive antennae to detect vibrations and locate prey, thriving in damp, dark areas . Though their appearance can be alarming, house centipedes are generally harmless to humans, rarely biting, and if they do, the bite is no more severe than a bee sting. With a lifespan of several years, they play a long-term role in maintaining pest control.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Giant Golden Orb-weaver
Nephila pilipes
Giant Golden Orb Weaver (Nephila pilipes) is one of the largest spiders in the world, with females boasting leg spans up to 20 cm (7.9 inches). Found in tropical and subtropical regions across Southeast Asia, Australia, and the western Pacific, they thrive in forests, gardens, and urban areas. There is a significant size difference between males and females, with females being much larger. Renowned for their strong and striking golden-colored silk that glows in the sunlight, these spiders weave incredibly tough webs to capture insects, small birds, and even bats in their massive webs. Their venom is potent enough to subdue prey but harmless to humans. Constructing intricate webs several meters in diameter, they are meticulous architects. While not currently endangered, habitat destruction poses a threat to their populations, highlighting the need to preserve natural habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Zombie Spider
Cordyceps fungus
Cordyceps is a genus of parasitic fungi that infects insects and arthropods, taking over their bodies and controlling their mind altering the host behavior to spread its spores. Once infected, the fungus grows inside the host, eventually taking over its brain (zombified) and causing the insect to climb to a high point, where it clings to a leaf or branch before dying. The fungus then erupts from the insect's body, releasing spores to infect new hosts. Cordyceps fungi can target a variety of insects, including ants, caterpillars, and beetles. In traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine, certain species like Cordyceps sinensis have been used for centuries to boost energy and improve health. These fungi play a crucial role in controlling insect populations and maintaining ecological balance. Their unique properties have also attracted scientific interest for potential medicinal applications, including new antibiotics and cancer treatments.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Asian Common Toad
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
The Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is easily identified by its warty skin, varying in colors from brown and gray to reddish, often adorned with dark spots or patches. Widely distributed, these toads inhabit diverse habitats from forests and grasslands to urban areas and gardens. Primarily insectivorous, they play a crucial role in pest control by consuming insects, spiders, and other small invertebrates. Equipped with parotoid glands secreting a defensive toxin, they deter predators, although the toxin can be irritating to human skin and harmful if ingested. Known for their resilience, they can live up to 10 years in the wild, adapting well to natural and human-altered environments.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Four-lined Tree Frog
Polypedates leucomystax
The Four-lined Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax) is easily recognizable by its distinct four dark stripes running down its back, which can merge into intricate patterns. Found widely across Southeast Asia, it thrives in diverse habitats from forests to urban areas, often near water sources. These adaptable frogs are insectivorous, feeding on insects like flies and mosquitoes, contributing to pest control in their ecosystems. During breeding season, males emit loud croaking calls to attract females, and females lay eggs in foam nests over water, ensuring tadpoles hatch directly into the aquatic environment. Nocturnal hunters, Four-lined Tree Frogs are most active at night, resting during the day in shaded, moist areas. While currently not threatened, habitat loss and pollution pose risks to their populations, underscoring the need for conservation efforts to safeguard their habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Giant River Frog
Limnonectes blythii
Limnonectes blythii, also known as Blyth's River Frog or the Giant River Frog, is one of the largest frogs in Southeast Asia, with males growing up to 18 cm (7 inches) in length. Found in forested areas near streams and rivers in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, this species has powerful hind legs adapted for leaping and swimming. Its brown to olive-green skin provides excellent camouflage. As an opportunistic feeder, it consumes insects, small invertebrates, and occasionally small fish, playing a crucial role in controlling insect populations. During the breeding season, males attract females with a low, resonant croak, and females lay eggs in water, where they develop into tadpoles before metamorphosing into adult frogs. Although listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, this species faces threats from habitat loss and pollution, making conservation efforts essential for its survival.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Malayan Horned Frog
Pelobatrachus nasutus
The “horns” of Malayan Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus, formerly Megophrys nasuta) are actually the projection of the skin over its eyelids. This species has a light to dark brown dorsal surface with four longitudinal ridges along the back and its skin is mostly smooth. Malayan Horned Frog has remarkable camouflage which allows this voracious predator to ambush unsuspecting small animals. It is lives permanently in damp and cool lowland rainforest and usually found on the forest floor with leaf litter, and along small shallow streams, dead logs or large rocks. They typically prey on spiders, small rodents, lizards, other frogs, centipedes and even scorpions.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Keel-bellied Whip-snake
Dryophiops rubescens
The Keel-bellied Whip-snake (Dryophiops rubescens) is known for its slender, elongated body, which can reach up to 1.5 meters in length, and its colorful camouflage that ranges from green to brown, blending seamlessly into its arboreal habitat. Found in Southeast Asia, this highly arboreal snake spends most of its time in trees within forests, gardens, and plantations. It primarily preys on small vertebrates like lizards and frogs, using its keen eyesight and agility to hunt during the day. Although it looks intimidating, the Keel-bellied Whip-snake is non-venomous and poses no threat to humans, relying on speed and stealth rather than venom.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Painted Bronzeback
Dendrelaphis pictus
The Painted Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis pictus) is a visually stunning snake with a slender body, iridescent bronze scales on its back, and striking blue and green hues on its sides and belly. Found across Southeast Asia, this species thrives in a variety of habitats from forests to gardens. Primarily arboreal, Painted Bronzebacks spend much of their time in trees and shrubs, using their slender bodies and long tails to climb with agility. They feed on small vertebrates like frogs, lizards, and sometimes birds, catching their prey with quick reflexes. Despite their impressive appearance, these snakes are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans, relying on speed and agility to escape threats
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
King Cobra
Ophiophagus hannah
The King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the world's longest venomous snake, reaching lengths up to 5.5 meters. Known for its distinctive hood, which it flares out when threatened, the King Cobra primarily feeds on other snakes but occasionally eats lizards, birds, and small mammals. Its potent neurotoxic venom can kill a human with a single bite, though it generally avoids humans and attacks only when provoked. Unique among snakes, female King Cobras build nests for their eggs and guard them fiercely until they hatch. Found across Southeast Asia and parts of India, they inhabit forests, bamboo thickets, and mangrove swamps. Revered in many cultures, King Cobras symbolize power and protection but are currently listed as Vulnerable due to habitat destruction, poaching, and the pet trade, highlighting the need for conservation efforts to protect this majestic species.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Indochinese Rat Snake
Ptyas korros
The Indochinese Rat Snake (Ptyas korros) is a slender, elongated snake with smooth scales and coloration ranging from olive to brown, often with a pale underside. Found across Southeast Asia, it thrives in forests, agricultural fields, and urban areas. This diurnal snake is agile and fast-moving, often climbing trees in search of prey, primarily feeding on rodents, which helps control pest populations, as well as other small mammals, birds, and amphibians. This species is one of the best natural pest control of rodents’ infestation.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Triangle Keelback
Xenochrophis trianguligerus
The Triangle Keelback (Xenochrophis trianguligerus) is easily identifiable by its unique triangular-shaped pattern with alternating black, brown, and yellow bands. Native to Southeast Asia, it thrives in wetlands such as marshes, rice paddies, and slow-moving streams and rivers. This crepuscular snake is an excellent swimmer, primarily feeding on amphibians like frogs and tadpoles, as well as small fish.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Malayan Softshell Turtle
Dogania subplana
The Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle (Dogania subplana) is recognized by its flattened, smooth shell, which provides an advantage for swimming and hiding under rocks in fast-flowing streams. This species inhabits clear, fast-moving streams and rivers with rocky substrates. Highly adapted to aquatic life, the turtle spends most of its time submerged and is an excellent swimmer, with its flattened shell and webbed feet aiding in swift maneuverability. As an omnivore, it feeds on a diverse diet including aquatic plants, insects, small fish, and crustaceans. Its coloration and flat shell provide excellent camouflage against rocky stream beds, making it difficult for predators to spot and allowing it to ambush prey. Females lay eggs in sandy or muddy areas near water bodies, with hatchlings resembling miniature adults. Facing threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and illegal pet trade, conservation efforts are essential to protect this unique species and its natural habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Water Monitor Lizard
Varanus salvator
The Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) is one of the largest lizard species in the world, commonly found across South and Southeast Asia. Growing up to 3 meters in length, these formidable reptiles thrive in various habitats, from tropical forests and swamps to urban areas. Semi-aquatic by nature, they are excellent swimmers and skilled hunters, feeding on a diverse diet that includes fish, birds, small mammals, and carrion. As top predators and scavengers, Water Monitors play a vital role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems, controlling prey populations and cleaning up carrion. Despite being listed as "Least Concern," they face threats from habitat destruction and hunting. Their presence in both wild and urban areas highlights their remarkable adaptability, making them an important and fascinating species in their range.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Lowland Dwarf Gecko
Hemiphyllodactylus typus
The Lowland Dwarf Gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus typus) is a small, slender lizard found across Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific region. With its delicate body and cryptic coloration, this nocturnal hunter thrives in diverse habitats, from tropical forests to urban areas. Feeding primarily on insects like ants and termites, it plays a vital role in pest control and maintaining ecological balance. Known for its ability to drop and regenerate its tail when threatened, this gecko is a master of survival. Despite being listed as a species of "Least Concern," ongoing habitat destruction could impact its populations in the future, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Marble Bent-toed Gecko
Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus
The Marble Bent-toed Gecko (Cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus) is a fascinating reptile native to Southeast Asia, known for its distinctive marbled patterns and unique bent toes that allow it to expertly navigate rocky and arboreal environments. This nocturnal gecko is an adept hunter, feeding on small insects and playing a crucial role in controlling insect populations within its habitat. With its ability to drop and regenerate its tail, the Marble Bent-toed Gecko is well-adapted to evade predators. Although not currently endangered, habitat destruction poses a risk to this species, underscoring the importance of conserving its natural environments to protect this remarkable creature.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Banded Woodpecker
Chrysophlegma miniaceum
The Banded Woodpecker (Chrysophlegma miniaceum) is a striking bird found throughout Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore. Known for its vibrant red bands on its head and neck, these woodpeckers are adept at drumming on trees to communicate and establish territories. They feed primarily on insects, foraging by tapping and probing into tree bark. During breeding season, they excavate nest cavities in tree trunks, often reusing old sites. While not currently endangered, habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization poses threats to their populations, underscoring the importance of conservation efforts. Banded Woodpeckers play a vital ecological role as cavity nesters, contributing to forest biodiversity by providing habitats used by various wildlife species and acting as insect population control.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Black-and-Yellow Broadbill
Eurylaimus ochromalus
The Black-and-Yellow Broadbill (Eurylaimus ochromalus) is easily recognizable by its vibrant plumage of black, yellow, and white feathers, and a distinctive bright blue beak. Native to Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, these birds inhabit lowland and hill forests. They are social, often seen in pairs or small groups, and communicate with unique whistles and buzzing sounds. Their diet primarily consists of insects and small invertebrates, with some fruit, making them important insect population control. Black-and-Yellow Broadbills build elaborate hanging nests from plant fibers, leaves, and moss with both parents participating in nest building and caring for the young. Recognized as Near-threatened, they face extinction threats from habitat loss and deforestation, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to preserve their habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Blyth’s Frogmouth
Batrachostomus affinis
Blyth's Frogmouth (Batrachostomus affinis) is a unique bird with a wide, frog-like mouth, camouflaged plumage, making it a master of disguise, blending seamlessly into tree bark and leaves. Found in the dense forests of Southeast Asia including Malaysia, these nocturnal hunters feed on insects like moths, beetles, and grasshoppers. By day, they rest motionless on branches, resembling broken branches to avoid detection. Blyth's Frogmouth faces threats from habitat loss due to deforestation and logging, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts to protect their natural habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Large Woodshrike
Tephrodornis gularis
The Large Woodshrike (Tephrodornis gularis) is a distinctive bird known for its Striking black mask, robust body, grayish-brown upperparts, white underparts, and hooked bill. Found across South and Southeast Asia, it thrives in forests, woodlands, and gardens. This bird primarily feeds on insects and small invertebrates. Known for its varied and melodious calls, the Large Woodshrike often communicates through whistles, trills, and harsh notes.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Oriental Scops-owl
Otus sunia
The Oriental Scops-Owl (Otus sunia) is a small, nocturnal predator native to Asia, known for its distinctive ear tufts and mottled plumage that provides excellent camouflage. Found in a variety of forested habitats, this owl primarily feeds on insects and small vertebrates, playing a crucial role in controlling pest populations. Birds from Siberia to Northern China and Japan migrates to Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. With its exceptional night vision and silent flight, the Oriental Scops-Owl is a master of nocturnal hunting. Though currently not threatened, habitat loss poses a risk to its populations, highlighting the importance of conserving its forested environments. This solitary and territorial bird is often heard before it is seen, with its rhythmic hoots echoing through the night.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Purple-naped Spiderhunter
Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum
The Purple-naped Spiderhunter (Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum) is a striking bird of Southeast Asia, known for its iridescent purple nape and specialized long, curved bill. Found in lowland and montane forests, this agile forager feeds on spiders, insects, and nectar, playing a crucial role as both predator and pollinator. Its feeding habits help control invertebrate populations and support the pollination of many flowering plants. Although not currently threatened, the Purple-naped Spiderhunter's future depends on the conservation of its forest habitats. Its unique adaptations and ecological significance make it a fascinating and vital part of its ecosystem.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Red-bearded Bee-eater
Nyctyornis amictus
The Red-bearded Bee-eater (Nyctyornis amictus) is a stunning bird of Southeast Asia, easily recognized by its bright red throat and "beard" against vibrant green plumage. This solitary bee-eater thrives in dense tropical forests, where it uses its long, curved bill to expertly catch bees, wasps, and other flying insects mid-air. Unlike many other bee-eaters, it nests in burrows excavated in sandy banks and is fiercely territorial. The Red-bearded Bee-eater plays a crucial role in controlling insect populations, making it an important part of its forest ecosystem. While currently not threatened, the preservation of its forest habitat is key to its survival.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Sooty Barbet
Caloramphus hayii
The Sooty Barbet (Caloramphus hayii) is a unique bird of Southeast Asia’s lowland rainforests, recognized by its sooty-brown plumage and pale pinkish bill. Unlike its colorful relatives, this barbet favors a subdued look but plays a vital role in its ecosystem. Primarily frugivorous, the Sooty Barbet is an important seed disperser, particularly for fig trees, helping to maintain forest diversity. It nests in tree cavities, often high in the canopy, and is typically seen in pairs or small family groups. Assessed as Near-threatened, the population suffers habitat loss due to deforestation, emphasizing the need for forest conservation.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat
Hipposideros diadema
The Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros diadema) is easily recognizable by its unique nose-leaf structure, which aids in echolocation, allowing it to navigate and hunt for prey in complete darkness. Found across Southeast Asia, this species inhabits a variety of environments from lowland forests to caves. It primarily feeds on insects such as beetles, moths, and grasshoppers, playing a vital role in controlling insect populations. Roosting in caves, hollow trees, and abandoned buildings, these bats often form large colonies, providing safety and enhancing their social structure. Females usually give birth to one offspring at a time, with the young cared for in nurseries within the colony.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Small-toothed Palm-civet
Arctogalidia trivirgata
The Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata), also known as the Three-striped Palm Civet, is a nocturnal and highly arboreal mammal found in the forests of Southeast Asia. Recognizable by its slender body, long prehensile tail, and distinctive three dark stripes along its back, this civet is an agile climber that spends much of its time foraging in the treetops. It has a varied diet, including fruits, small animals, and insects, playing a crucial role in seed dispersal and maintaining forest diversity. Despite being listed as "Least Concern," the Small-toothed Palm Civet faces threats from habitat loss and hunting, emphasizing the importance of forest conservation
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Sunda Colugo
Galeopterus variegatus
The Sunda Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus), also known as the Malayan Flying Lemur, is an extraordinary gliding mammal native to Southeast Asia. This nocturnal creature is renowned for its large eyes and expansive patagium, which allows it to glide up to 100 meters between trees, an adaptation that aids in navigating the dense tropical rainforests it inhabits. Despite its name, the Sunda Colugo doesn’t actually fly; instead, it relies on its unique gliding abilities to forage for its diet of leaves, flowers, and fruits. As a folivore, it plays a crucial role in maintaining forest health and nutrient cycling. Colugos are important indicators of ecosystem health, and their presence reflects the vitality of the forest canopy. Though currently listed as Least Concern, threats from deforestation and habitat loss underscore the importance of conserving their natural environments. As a relative of primates, the Sunda Colugo provides valuable insights into mammalian evolution and adaptation, serving as a symbol of the rich biodiversity found in Southeast Asian rainforests.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Brown Shrike
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Purple Heron
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Lesser Whistling Duck
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Black-naped Oriole
Oriolus chinensis
The Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) is a visually striking bird with vibrant yellow plumage and a distinctive black nape, found across Asia in habitats ranging from forests to urban gardens. Known for its melodious, fluty calls, this bird primarily feeds on fruits, and insects, playing a vital role in seed dispersal and pest control. The Black-naped Oriole is a solitary but territorial species, often seen defending its feeding and nesting grounds. During the breeding season, it constructs deep, cup-shaped nests high in trees, where both parents care for the young. Some populations are migratory, traveling to our region during the winter months. Its role in maintaining ecological balance, combined with its adaptability to diverse environments, underscores the importance of conserving its natural habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Blue-tailed Bee-eater
Merops Philippinus
The Blue-tailed Bee-eater is a vibrant bird known for its stunning blue, green, and golden plumage, making it one of the most colorful birds in its range. These expert fliers perform aerial acrobatics while hunting for insects, particularly bees and wasps, which they catch in mid-air with precision. To avoid stings, they skillfully remove stingers by striking their prey against a hard surface before eating. Highly social, Blue-tailed Bee-eaters are often found in large flocks, breeding in colonies and nesting in burrows dug into sandy banks or flat ground. These migratory birds move between breeding and non-breeding areas across South and Southeast Asia and parts of Australasia.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Collared Kingfisher
Todiramphus chloris
The Collared Kingfisher (Todiramphus chloris) is a striking bird recognized for its vibrant blue and turquoise plumage and distinct white collar. Inhabiting diverse environments from coastal mangroves to urban gardens, these adaptable birds feed on a wide range of prey, including fish, crustaceans, and insects. Known for their exceptional hunting skills, Collared Kingfishers perch silently before diving to catch their prey with precision. They are often seen alone or in pairs, fiercely defending their territories with loud calls. Breeding in tree holes and artificial structures, both parents contribute to raising their young, demonstrating cooperative breeding behavior. Despite being listed as "Least Concern," some populations face threats from habitat destruction and pollution, underscoring the importance of conserving their natural habitats. Their presence in an area indicates a healthy ecosystem, making them important players in maintaining ecological balance.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Common Iora
Aegithina tiphia
The Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) is a small, vibrant bird native to South and Southeast Asia, known for its striking yellow and black plumage in males and more subdued olive-green tones in females. Found in a variety of habitats, from forests and mangroves to urban parks and gardens, the Common Iora is a lively and agile forager, primarily feeding on insects and helping control pest populations. During the breeding season, males perform acrobatic display flights to attract females, while females build well-camouflaged nests to raise their young. Listed as "Least Concern," the Common Iora plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and adds to the biodiversity of the areas it inhabits. Its bright colors, energetic behavior, and melodious song make it a popular bird among nature enthusiasts and birdwatchers.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Hadada Ibis
Bostrychia hagedash
The Hadada Ibis (Bostrychia hagedash) is a striking bird native to sub-Saharan Africa, known for its iridescent plumage and distinctive "haa-haa-haa" call. In its native range, it thrives in wetlands and savannas, feeding on invertebrates and contributing to ecosystem health. However, this species is not native in Malaysia, and it is introduced in the early 2000s from escaped population of zoos and aviaries. Establishing populations in urban parks and gardens, the Hadada Ibis competes with native birds for resources and disrupts local ecosystems. Its presence highlights the challenges of managing invasive species and underscores the need for continued monitoring and conservation efforts to protect Malaysia's native biodiversity.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Medium Egret
Ardea intermedia
The Medium Egret (Ardea intermedia) is a medium-sized white heron, notable for its graceful appearance and slender build, standing between the sizes of the Great and Little Egrets. Found across Asia, Africa, and Australia, this elegant bird thrives in wetlands, marshes, and shallow waters, where it feeds on small fish, insects, and amphibians. Some population migrates from northern countries to tropical asia during winter months. A patient hunter, the Intermediate Egret plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. During the breeding season, it nests in colonies, often alongside other herons and egrets, and its population remains stable, though it faces potential threats from habitat loss and pollution. With its elegant plumage and vital ecological role, the Intermediate Egret symbolizes the health and beauty of wetland environments, making its conservation a priority for sustaining these crucial ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Striated Heron
Butorides striata
The Striated Heron is a small and agile heron species. It sports a cryptic pattern of dark streaks and spots on its upper parts, complemented by a white throat and underparts, allowing it to blend seamlessly into its marshland and mangrove habitats. Found across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, Striated Herons prefer coastal and freshwater habitats such as mangroves, swamps, rivers, and ponds. Expert hunters, they use their sharp bills to spear fish, frogs, small reptiles, crustaceans, and insects, employing patient stalking and swift strikes. Highly adaptable, they thrive in urban parks, gardens, and residential areas with suitable water sources.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Ornate Sunbird
Cinnyris ornatus
The Ornate Sunbird (Cinnyris ornatus) is a small, vibrant bird widely distributed across Southeast Asia. Males are easily recognized by their metallic blue-black throat and bright yellow underparts, while females have a more subdued olive-green and yellow coloration. These sunbirds are essential pollinators, feeding primarily on nectar from a variety of flowering plants, and they also consume insects and spiders. Their adaptability allows them to thrive in diverse habitats, from mangroves and forests to urban gardens. Known for their agile flight and territorial behavior, Olive-backed Sunbirds play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of their environments. Though listed as "Least Concern," preserving natural habitats and promoting green spaces in urban areas are key to their continued success.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Pink-necked Green-pigeon
Treron vernans
The Pink-necked Green Pigeon (Treron vernans) is a vibrantly colored bird native to Southeast Asia, easily recognized by the male's pinkish-purple neck patch and green body, while females sport a more subdued green plumage. Found in lowland forests, mangroves, and urban parks, this frugivorous bird plays a crucial role in seed dispersal, contributing to forest regeneration and biodiversity. Often seen in pairs or small flocks, these pigeons are discreet and rely on their green plumage to blend into their surroundings. Breeding during the warmer months, they build simple nests high in trees, where both parents care for the young. Despite being listed as "Least Concern," habitat loss poses a potential threat to their populations. The Pink-necked Green Pigeon is a symbol of the vital connection between urban green spaces and wildlife conservation, showcasing nature's resilience in adapting to changing environments.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
White-throated Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis
The White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) is a striking and adaptable bird found across South and Southeast Asia. Easily recognizable by its bright blue wings, chestnut-brown body, and distinctive white throat patch, this kingfisher thrives in a variety of habitats, from wetlands and coastal areas to dry forests and urban gardens. Unlike many other kingfishers, it has a diverse diet that includes insects, reptiles, amphibians, and even small birds, allowing it to live far from water. Known for its loud calls and bold demeanor, the White-throated Kingfisher is a solitary and territorial bird, often seen perched conspicuously in its environment. Breeding in burrows dug into riverbanks or earthen mounds, both parents care for the altricial chicks until they are ready to fledge. As a predator, it plays an important role in controlling pest populations, contributing to the ecological balance in its habitat. Listed as "Least Concern," this bird remains a familiar and culturally significant presence across its range, symbolizing nature's resilience and adaptability.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Southeast Asian Box Turtle
Cuora amboinensis
The Southeast Asian Box Turtle is distinguished by its striking appearance, featuring a dark brown or black domed shell adorned with yellow or orange markings, along with vibrant patterns on its head and legs. Native to our country these semi-aquatic turtles inhabit freshwater habitats like rivers, streams, ponds, and marshes, favoring areas with dense vegetation and muddy substrates. They are adept swimmers and baskers, often seen sunning on logs or rocks near water. Omnivorous in diet, they consume aquatic plants, algae, small fish, insects, and occasional carrion, using their powerful jaws and sharp beaks. This species is assessed as Endangered by the IUCN Redlist, threatened by habitat loss from urbanization, agriculture, and illegal pet trade, conservation efforts focus on habitat protection and sustainable management to safeguard these land turtles.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Water Monitor Lizard
Varanus salvator
The Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) is one of the largest lizard species in the world, commonly found across South and Southeast Asia. Growing up to 3 meters in length, these formidable reptiles thrive in various habitats, from tropical forests and swamps to urban areas. Semi-aquatic by nature, they are excellent swimmers and skilled hunters, feeding on a diverse diet that includes fish, birds, small mammals, and carrion. As top predators and scavengers, Water Monitors play a vital role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems, controlling prey populations and cleaning up carrion. Despite being listed as "Least Concern," they face threats from habitat destruction and hunting. Their presence in both wild and urban areas highlights their remarkable adaptability, making them an important and fascinating species in their range.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Selangor Silvered Langur
Trachypithecus selangorensis
The Selangor Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus selangorensis) is a primate endemic to the lowland rainforests and mangroves of Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in Selangor. Known for its silvery-gray fur and gentle demeanor, this arboreal species plays a vital role in forest ecosystems by feeding on young leaves and dispersing seeds, contributing to plant diversity and forest regeneration. Living in social groups with strong bonds, these langurs exhibit fascinating behaviors such as alloparenting, where females help care for each other’s young. Despite their resilience, Selangor Silvered Langurs face threats from habitat loss due to deforestation and urban development, leading to their classification as "Near Threatened." Conservation efforts are crucial to protect this species and preserve the rich biodiversity of Malaysia’s forests. Please note that this species is an escapee, and its native range does not include inland parks such as in Subang Jaya.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Smooth-coated Otter
Lutrogale perspicillata
The Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) is a sleek, aquatic mammal recognized for its smooth, glossy fur and strong swimming abilities. Inhabiting freshwater ecosystems such as rivers, lakes, and wetlands, these otters are social animals that live in family groups, exhibiting cooperative hunting strategies to catch fish, crabs, and other prey. As apex predators, they play a crucial role in maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems by controlling fish populations. With a monogamous breeding system, Smooth-coated Otters form long-lasting bonds, and their vocalizations and scent markings facilitate communication and territorial defense. Listed as "Vulnerable” by the IUCN RedList due to habitat loss and hunting, conservation efforts are essential to protect these remarkable creatures. Their playful nature and strong family bonds have made them popular in ecotourism and cultural folklore, symbolizing purity and vitality. Adaptations such as webbed feet, water-repellent fur, and the ability to close their nostrils and ears underwater highlight their remarkable evolution for life in water.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Ashy Tailorbird
Orthotomus ruficeps
The Ashy Tailorbird (Orthotomus ruficeps) is a fascinating avian species known for its remarkable nest-building skills, using its beak to sew leaves together with plant fibers or spider silk. Easily recognizable by its grey upperparts and rufous head, this small bird measures only 11-12 cm in length but has a loud, melodious song that aids in territory defense and mate attraction. Agile and acrobatic, Ashy Tailorbirds forage for insects and spiders in lowland areas near water bodies. Currently listed as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN, its population remains stable, although habitat destruction poses a potential threat.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Brown Shrike
Lanius cristatus
The Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) is recognized by its rich brown upperparts, pale underparts, and a striking black "mask" across its eyes. Found breeding across temperate Asia, including Siberia and northern China, these birds migrate to Southeast Asia during winter, thriving in forests, scrublands, agricultural areas, and gardens. These small migratory birds travel long distances between their breeding and wintering grounds, showcasing their endurance and adaptability.
Known as "butcher birds," Brown Shrikes catch insects, small birds, and mammals, impaling their prey on thorns or barbed wire to eat later or mark their territory. Their diet consists mainly of insects like beetles and grasshoppers, but they also hunt small birds, lizards, and rodents.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Baya Weaver
Meet the architect, Baya Weaver is one of the birds who spends hours building their nest with the aim of attracting more mates. Their nest also becomes a home to other birds and insects Next time you spot a nest, let it be.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Blue-tailed Bee-eater
Merops philippinus
The Blue-tailed Bee-eater (Merops philippinus) is a vibrant bird known for its stunning blue, green, and golden plumage, making it one of the most colorful birds in its range. These expert fliers perform aerial acrobatics while hunting for insects, particularly bees and wasps, which they catch in mid-air with precision. To avoid stings, they skillfully remove stingers by striking their prey against a hard surface before eating. Highly social, Blue-tailed Bee-eaters are often found in large flocks, breeding in colonies and nesting in burrows dug into sandy banks or flat ground. These migratory birds move between breeding and non-breeding areas across South and Southeast Asia and parts of Australasia.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Great Myna
Acridotheres grandis
The Great Myna (Acridotheres grandis) is a striking bird easily recognizable by its remarkable crest, black plumage, bright yellow eye patches, and orange-yellow beak and legs. These omnivorous birds feed on a diverse diet of insects, fruits, seeds, and even scraps of human food. During the breeding season, they nest in tree cavities, buildings, and other nooks and crannies, often using artificial structures. Originally from Southeast Asia, the Great Myna has adapted well to urban environments and is often seen in parks, gardens, and cityscapes. However, in our regions, they are considered invasive due to their aggressive behavior towards native bird species.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker
Dicaeum cruentatum
The Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum cruentatum) is easily recognized by the brilliant scarlet streak running down its back, contrasting with its dark blue-black upperparts and white underparts. Measuring only about 9 cm in length, these tiny birds primarily feed on nectar, berries, and small insects, playing a crucial role in pollination and seed dispersal. Known for their quick and agile flight, they flit rapidly between flowers and fruiting trees, adding a lively presence to gardens and forests. Despite their small size, they have a loud, distinctive call, a series of high-pitched notes that can be heard before the birds are seen. Commonly found in gardens, forests, and plantations across South and Southeast Asia, these birds thrive in both rural and urban environments.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Orange-bellied Flowerpecker
Dicaeum trigonostigma
The Orange-bellied Flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) captivates with its tiny size and vibrant colors, sporting bluish upper parts, and a striking orange-red belly. Found across Southeast Asia in countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, these birds thrive in diverse habitats including forest edges, woodlands, gardens, and mangroves, where they play a crucial role as nectarivores. They use specialized brush-tipped tongues to sip nectar from flowers, aiding in pollination, and also feed on small fruits and occasionally insects.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
White-throated Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis
The White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) captivates with its vibrant plumage, boasting a bright blue back, wings, and tail complemented by a chestnut head, distinctive white throat, and belly. Found across South and Southeast Asia, these adaptable birds inhabit various habitats such as forest edges, farmlands, and urban areas. Known for their skilled hunting prowess, they perch patiently before diving swiftly to catch preys which includes insects and small reptiles. During breeding season, pairs excavate nesting burrows in earthen banks or termite mounds, often reusing them over multiple seasons. Their vocalization, a series of cackling laughs, is characteristic during territorial displays.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The White-bellied Sea-eagle
Haliaeetus leucogaster
The White-bellied Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) is a majestic bird of prey known for its impressive size, with a distinctive white head and underparts contrasting against dark wings and back. This is the largest resident raptor in Malaysia with an impressive wingspan reaching up to 2.2 meters, these eagles soar gracefully over coastal waters and inland lakes across the Indian subcontinent. Primarily fishers, they hunt fish, sea snakes, crustaceans, and occasionally small mammals and birds using their powerful talons and hooked beak. They form monogamous pairs, nesting high in trees near water bodies, fiercely defending their nests during breeding season. Although not currently endangered, White-bellied Sea-eagles face threats from habitat loss, pollution, and human disturbance, prompting conservation efforts to protect their habitats and nesting sites!
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Purple Heron
Ardea purpurea
The Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) is known for its striking plumage, characterized by predominantly gray-blue feathers and a distinctive purple-brown neck and chest during breeding season. It inhabits diverse wetland environments such as marshes, swamps, lakes, and riverbanks, where it gracefully hunts for prey. With a diet comprising fish, amphibians, insects, small mammals, and birds, the Purple Heron employs patient and stealthy hunting techniques, often standing motionless or moving slowly through shallow waters. Its ability to adapt to different habitats and its elegant feeding strategy highlight its importance in maintaining balanced wetland ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Great Egret
Ardea alba
The Great Egret (Ardea alba) is a stunning bird renowned for its elegant all-white plumage, long neck, and sharp, yellow bill, standing up to 1 meter tall with a wingspan over 1.3 meters. Found worldwide in tropical and temperate wetlands, they prefer shallow waters like marshes, lakes, rivers, and coastal estuaries where they hunt fish, frogs, and small mammals. They build large stick nests in trees or shrubs above water, often in colonies with other herons and egrets, providing a safe haven for their eggs and chicks. Some populations migrate seasonally between breeding and wintering grounds, where Bandar Bukit Raja is one of their wintering ground.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Little Egret
Egretta garzetta
The Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) is a small, elegant egret with all-white plumage, long black legs, and a slender black bill, adorned with delicate plumes during breeding season. Found across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, these egrets thrive in diverse wetland habitats like rivers, lakes, marshes, and coastal areas, where they expertly hunt fish, insects, amphibians, and crustaceans. They employ a patient stalking strategy or disturb prey with their feet in shallow waters before striking swiftly with their bill. Some populations undertake seasonal migrations, which includes the populations in Bandar Bukit Raja. Adaptable to urban environments, they increasingly utilize man-made water bodies and parks.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Gray Heron
Ardea cinerea
The Gray Heron (Ardea cinerea) is a majestic bird known for its large size, long legs, neck, and dagger-like bill, adorned with distinctive gray plumage, white underparts, and a striking black stripe from eye to head. This heron inhabit diverse wetland habitats where they patiently stalk shallow waters for fish, amphibians, and small mammals. During breeding season, they build large stick nests in trees or reed beds near water, often in colonies known as heronries, fiercely defending their young. Strong fliers, some populations undertake seasonal migrations between breeding and wintering grounds, where our parks are residential and wintering grounds for Gray Heron
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Striated Heron
Butorides striata
The Striated Heron (Butorides striata) is a small and agile heron species. It sports a cryptic pattern of dark streaks and spots on its upperparts, complemented by a white throat and underparts, allowing it to blend seamlessly into its marshland and mangrove habitats. Found across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Africa, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas, Striated Herons prefer coastal and freshwater habitats such as mangroves, swamps, rivers, and ponds. Expert hunters, they use their sharp bills to spear fish, frogs, small reptiles, crustaceans, and insects, employing patient stalking and swift strikes. Highly adaptable, they thrive in urban parks, gardens, and residential areas with suitable water sources.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Long-tailed Shrike
Lanius schach
The Long-tailed Shrike (Lanius schach) is easily identified by its long, graduated tail, contrasting black mask, and rich chestnut plumage on its back, making it a standout among birds. They inhabit diverse environments such as open forests, grasslands, agricultural fields, and urban gardens. Known as "butcher birds," Long-tailed Shrikes exhibit fascinating predatory habits by hunting insects, small birds, and mammals, often impaling their prey on thorns or barbed wire. Their diet primarily consists of insects like grasshoppers and beetles, but they also catch lizards, small birds, and rodents, helping to control pest populations.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Long-legged Marsh Glider
Trithemis pallidinervis
The Long-legged Marsh Glider (Trithemis pallidinervis) is known for its striking appearance, featuring a slender, elongated body with vibrant colors ranging from reddish-brown to yellow, and long, delicate legs. These dragonflies inhabit various freshwater wetlands like marshes, ponds, lakes, and slow-flowing rivers. Renowned for their agile flight, they can hover in place, dart swiftly, and make sharp turns to catch prey mid-flight. Voracious predators, they feed on small insects such as mosquitoes and flies, playing a crucial role in controlling pest populations. Females lay their eggs in or near water, with larvae living underwater for several months to a year before emerging as adults. Beyond pest control, these dragonflies serve as important indicators of healthy freshwater ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Scarlet Skimmer
Crocothemis servilia
The Scarlet Skimmer (Crocothemis servilia) is easily recognizable by its vibrant red coloration, with males sporting bright red abdomens and females typically yellowish-brown. They thrive in freshwater habitats like ponds, lakes, marshes, and slow-moving streams. These agile fliers are adept hunters, catching small insects mid-air with precision, and play a crucial role in controlling pest populations such as mosquitoes and flies. Males are territorial, often perching prominently near water to attract females, and during mating, they form a "mating wheel" by grasping females with specialized claspers. Females lay eggs in or near water, with aquatic larvae (nymphs) living underwater for several months before emerging as adults. Their presence is also an indicator of healthy freshwater ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Asian Honey Bee
Apis cerana
The Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana) is a vital pollinator native to South and Southeast Asia, recognized for its role in supporting biodiversity and agriculture. Known for its medium size and distinctive coloration, this bee species thrives in a variety of environments, from tropical forests to urban gardens. The bees produce honey from nectar and collect pollen to feed their larvae, playing a crucial role in pollinating many flowering plants and crops. Despite not being endangered, the Asian Honey Bee faces threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, and diseases, underscoring the need for conservation efforts to maintain healthy bee populations.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
The Asian Brown Flycatcher
Muscicapa dauurica
The Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica) is a charming migratory bird known for its subtle brownish plumage and distinctive insect-catching skills. Breeding in temperate forests of Eastern Asia and migrating to Southeast Asia for the winter, this small bird thrives in a variety of forested and urban environments. It plays a key role in controlling insect populations and indicates the health of its habitat. Though classified as "Least Concern," the conservation of its forest habitats is crucial for its continued survival and well-being.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Black-naped Oriole
Oriolus chinensis
The Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis) is a visually striking bird with vibrant yellow plumage and a distinctive black nape, found across Asia in habitats ranging from forests to urban gardens. Known for its melodious, fluty calls, this bird primarily feeds on fruits, and insects, playing a vital role in seed dispersal and pest control. The Black-naped Oriole is a solitary but territorial species, often seen defending its feeding and nesting grounds. During the breeding season, it constructs deep, cup-shaped nests high in trees, where both parents care for the young. Some populations are migratory, traveling to our region during the winter months. Its role in maintaining ecological balance, combined with its adaptability to diverse environments, underscores the importance of conserving its natural habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Blue Pansy Butterfly
Junonia orithya
The Blue Pansy Butterfly (Junonia orithya) is a vibrant and adaptable species found throughout South and Southeast Asia. With its striking blue and orange wings adorned with eye-like spots, this butterfly not only captivates with its beauty but also plays a crucial role in pollination. It frequents open forests, grasslands, and gardens, where it feeds on nectar from various flowers. The Blue Pansy Butterfly's ability to blend into its surroundings and its unique defense mechanisms help it survive in diverse environments. While currently classified as "Least Concern," preserving its habitat remains essential for maintaining its population and the ecological balance it supports.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Blue Sprite Damselfly
Pseudagrion microcephalum
The Blue Sprite Damselfly (Pseudagrion microcephalum) is a captivating insect found in Southeast Asia, renowned for its vivid blue coloration and delicate, iridescent wings. Thriving near clean, slow-moving water sources, this damselfly plays a crucial role in its ecosystem as both a predator of small flying insects and a prey item for larger animals. Its agile flight and intricate courtship displays make it a fascinating species to observe. While currently not endangered, preserving clean water habitats and protecting aquatic environments are vital for maintaining healthy populations of the Blue Sprite Damselfly.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Blue Banded Bee
Amegilla spp
The Blue Banded Bee (Amegilla spp.) is a remarkable pollinator known for its striking blue bands and vital role in supporting plant biodiversity. This is a solitary bee who thrives in environments with abundant flowering plants. Its specialized feeding habits and nesting behaviors contribute to the health of ecosystems by promoting plant reproduction. While not currently endangered, the Blue Banded Bee faces challenges from habitat loss and environmental changes, highlighting the need for conservation efforts to protect these essential pollinators
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Ceratina lieftincki
The Ceratina lieftincki, a small carpenter bee, is a vital pollinator found in Southeast Asia. Characterized by its shiny, metallic coloration and solitary nesting behavior, this bee plays a crucial role in supporting plant reproduction. By collecting nectar and pollen from a diverse range of flowers, Ceratina lieftincki contributes to the health and biodiversity of its habitat. Although not currently endangered, protecting its environment and promoting pollinator-friendly practices are essential for its continued survival.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Cycad Blue Butterfly
Chilades pandava
The Cycad Blue Butterfly (Chilades pandava) is a vibrant and intriguing species found across Southeast Asia. With its striking blue coloration and intricate wing patterns, this butterfly plays a vital role as a pollinator, aiding in the reproduction of flowering plants. Its close association with cycads and specific host plants highlights the importance of preserving these habitats. Although not currently endangered, protecting the environments where the Cycad Blue thrives is essential for maintaining its population and supporting overall biodiversity
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Potter Wasp
Eumenes punctatus
The Potter Wasp (Eumenes punctatus) is a fascinating solitary wasp known for its distinctive black and yellow markings and its ability to build intricate mud nests. Found across Southeast Asia, this wasp plays a vital role in controlling pest populations and pollinating flowers. They primarily feeds on nectar from flowers, which provides it with essential energy. Adult wasps are also known to hunt for insects and spiders to provision their nests. The captured prey is brought back to the nest to serve as food for the developing larvae.. Although not currently endangered, protecting natural habitats and maintaining biodiversity are crucial for supporting this unique and beneficial insect.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.s
Gray-capped Pygmy Woodpecker
Dendrocopos leucotos
The Gray-capped Pygmy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos) is a charming small woodpecker found in Southeast Asia, recognized by its distinctive gray cap and streaked body. It inhabits a range of forested environments, including tropical and subtropical forests, as well as mixed forests and forest edges. The Gray-capped Pygmy Woodpecker prefers areas with abundant tree cover and suitable nesting sites. This agile climber plays an essential role in its forest habitat by feeding on insects and helping control pest populations. Its nesting activities also create valuable cavities used by other species. While currently not threatened, protecting its forest environment is crucial for preserving the health and diversity of its ecosystem.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Asian Common Toad
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Asian Common Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) is a large and robust toad with a distinct rostral head. This species has a distinctive tympanum (ear-drum) which at least two-third the diameter of the eye. They have thick dry skin with prominent cranial ridges and protruding parotid (saliva) gland and the lines of warts along the back and sides. They are one of the common toads and mostly found in disturbed lowland habitats from open areas along beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. However, they are uncommon in dense forests. Although Asian Common Toads are insectivorous, they are also opportunists that will feed on a variety of arthropods including scorpions and mollusks.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Malayan Horned Frog
Pelobatrachus nasutus, Megophrys nasuta
The “horns” of Malayan Horned Frog (Pelobatrachus nasutus, Megophrys nasuta) are actually the projection of the skin over its eyelids. This species has a light to dark brown dorsal surface with four longitudinal ridges along the back and its skin is mostly smooth. Malayan Horned Frog has remarkable camouflage which allows this voracious predator to ambush unsuspecting small animals. It is lives permanently in damp and cool lowland rainforest and usually found on the forest floor with leaf litter, and along small shallow streams, dead logs or large rocks. They typically prey on spiders, small rodents, lizards, other frogs, centipedes and even scorpions.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Green-eyed Gecko
Gekko smithii
Green-eyed Gecko (Gekko smithii) is one of the huge geckos that have a large head and emerald-green eyes with vertical pupils. They have an overall brown coloured body with dark bands across its back and tail, and rows of white spots. The body bears numerous tubercles (protrudes). This species inhabits primary forest and swamp forest from the lowlands to around 1000 metres elevation. They prefers little-disturbed forested areas and rarely enter human habitations. It is arboreal and typically occurs high in the canopy, where it often clings to tree trunks. Green-eyed Gecko are insectivorous and prefer to feed on grasshoppers.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Striped Bronzeback
Dendrelaphis caudolineatus
Striped Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis caudolineatus) has a pair of big eyes, with the top of the head and neck are bronze, lower cheeks and lips are pale yellow. They have a slender body with thick black lateral stripes on a white background, and its brown dorsal surface. Unlike other bronzebacks, Striped Bronzeback lacks black eye-stripe. They are diurnal and mostly arboreal, and usually can be found on trees and bushes in well-watered forests and cultivated area. They often resting or sleeping on trees during the night. Although they are non-venomous, they may bite aggressively if handled. They mainly feed on lizards, tree frogs, and young birds in their nest.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Painted Bronzeback
Dendrelaphis pictus
Like other Bronzeback snakes, Painted Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis pictus) has a distinct head from its slender body and a pair of large eyes. They are brown to bronze on dorsal surface, yellowish or greenish on ventral surface, and has a whitish stripe along each side of the body. There are blue, light green, or white spots that are visible when the body flexes. They have black eye stripes starting from the snout which continues through the side of the body, above the whitish stripe. This species is a widespread and adaptable species and can be found in a wide range of habitats from lowland rainforests, monsoon forests, savanna, secondary scrub, parks and agricultural lands. This snake is non-venomous and harmless. They are diurnal and arboreal, and often encountered on low vegetation and close to water where they hunt lizards and frogs. They have also been recorded hunting on the ground.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Dog-toothed Cat-snake
Boiga cynodon
The Dog-toothed Cat-snake (Boiga cynodon) is a remarkable species known for its distinctive appearance and ecological significance. Its body is adorned with dark bands on a lighter background, providing excellent camouflage in its natural environment. This nocturnal snake has vertical pupils that enhance its ability to hunt effectively in low-light condition. It is highly adaptable, preying on a variety of birds, small mammals, and lizards. Its large fangs are particularly effective for capturing and subduing prey, making it a formidable predator. This diverse diet underscores the snake's adaptability and its role as a key predator within its ecosystem. The Dog-toothed Cat-snake is mildly venomous. It possesses rear fangs and venom that is typically not harmful to humans but is effective in subduing its prey.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Paradise Flying Snake
Chrysopelea paradisi
Paradise Flying Snake (Chrysopelea paradisi) has a depressed head, large eyes and a long tail. It's dark upper body has an attractive pattern of yellow spots. Some of them have beautiful rows of three to four pink or red spots on the dorsal near the vertebral column. This species can ‘fly’, where technically it glides from the top of a tree as far as 100 meters by stretching the body into a flattened strip using its ribs. They are mildly venomous with rear fangs and enable them to constrict their preys. Their diets mostly consists of lizards, bats, rodents and birds. Paradise Flying Snake is a diurnal and arboreal species that lives in forested habitats in lowland and submontane areas. They also can be found in plantations, rural villages and tree-shaded gardens.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Four-lined Tree Frog
Polypedates leucomystax
Four-lined Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax) is a frog with brown, grey or yellow relatively smooth skin and often with four thin blackish stripes on the back. Their limbs are long and slender, and expanded flattened tips to digits on their feet. Its natural habitats are tropical-subtropical forests and lowland forests. As this arboreal species is a highly adaptable species, it occurs in a variety of habitats including forest edge, agricultural clearings, wetlands, shallow pools and semi-urban areas. It appears to be uncommon in deep, shaded forest.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Oriental Garden Lizard
Calotes versicolor
Oriental Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor) is a common lizard widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. This lizard has two spines above the tympanum (hearing membrane), the absence of spines behind the eye and the absence of shoulder fold. They can change colour rapidly and dramatically, appearing uniform tan, marbled brown or clouded grey with reddish tinge, depending on their emotions. They are relatively common and found in a wide range of habitats from parks, gardens, agricultural areas, wasteland and open forest, where they live among leafy undergrowth and grass. This species feed on various insects, including small animal prey such as other rodents.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Farhana Zarifah
Bowring’s Supple Skink
Subdoluseps bowringii
Bowring’s Supple Skink (Subdoluseps bowringii ) is a small lizard with a slender body and tiny limbs. Their skin is glossy just like other skinks and their dorsal surface is bronze to brownish grey and often with indistinct dark lines. Their sides are a mix of red-brown to dark-brown with white and black speckling, and often with a black line. Tail is about as long as their body, brown on top and reddish-brown below. This species occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including forest, scrubland, plains, parks, empty lots, agricultural areas, and gardens. It is almost always under cover, such as rocks, logs, or leaf litter. They mainly feed on insects and spiders.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Khaidir Arif
Wallace Hawk-eagle
Nisaetus nanus
Wallace Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nanus) is one of resident raptor in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra . They have a distinctive small upright crest and the adults have dark brown wings and a paler face. The densely black-barred underparts, two white bands across the tail, and light brown on the inner part of the underwing are visible during flight. Wallace Hawk-eagle inhabit in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and are often seen flying over or perching on a snag in lowland forests and forest edges. It is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist who jointly proposed the Theory of Evolution with Charles Darwin. This species is threatened by habitat lost and illegal wildlife trades and that led to Vulnerable (Vu) status in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Red Junglefowl
Gallus gallus
Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) is the primary ancestor of all domestic breeds of chicken. Although they resemble the domestic breeds, but they are smaller in size, and the adult males have bright orange yellow neck, orangey red back, black tail with greenish metallic sheen and a white ear patch. In contrast, female are smaller with brown plumage, shorter tail and a smaller ear patch. Red junglefowl is commonly found in lowland forest, secondary forest, scrubs, mangrove and plantation areas such as the oil palm plantations. Red Junglefowl is omnivorous and its diet consists of ripe fallen fruits, seeds and grains, various invertebrates and small vertebrates such as small lizards.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
White-headed Munia
Lonchura maja
The White-headed Munia (Lonchura maja) is a species of finch found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It has a brown body but its entire head and neck is white in color. It is a granivores, feeding on rice and grass seeds and can be seen at grasslands and marshes. This species was also introduced to Spain and its current conservation status is Least Concern.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Buff-necked Woodpecker
Meiglyptes tukki
Buff-necked Woodpecker (Meiglyptes tukki) is a tiny dark brown woodpecker with narrow buff bars on mantle, wings, tails and entire underparts as well as buff neck patch. The red malar stripe are distinctive to the males. They can be found in both primary and secondary forests in lowland and foothill areas with dense undergrowth and rotting stumps. Their diet mainly comprises of ants and termites. Buff-necked Woodpecker is one of the forest dependent species and the population is declining due to illegal logging and land conversion. This species is currently under the category of Near Threatened (NT) in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Large-tailed Nightjar (chicks)
Caprimulgus macrurus
The plumage of Large-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus) usually rufous-brown or gray-brown, but locally dark brown. Both sexes have a large pale mark in the outer wing and along the sides of the tail, white in males and buff in females. The chicks resembles the female with paler and buffer plumage, dusky, and has less intricate marking. Nightjar usually roosts on the ground and their colorations camouflage them from would be predators as it resembles scattered dead leaves and branches on the ground. They also can be spotted perching on the low branch in open forest, secondary growth, plantation, forest edge, mangrove forest, cultivated areas. Nightjars feed on flying insects such as moths, crickets, grasshoppers, cicadas, and wasps. Thus, they are also found at rural areas where they perch on lamp posts. Large-tailed Nightjar is known as “burung tukang kubur” as it’s commonly found in the cemeteries at night.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Amin Baqi
Savanna Nightjar
Caprimulgus affinis
Savanna Nightjar (Caprimulgus affinis) has heavily vermiculated greyish-brown plumage with pale brown speckles upper parts and brown with bars on the underparts. Just like the Large-tailed Nightjar, Savanna Nightjar also well camouflaged nightbirds and can be found roosting on the gravel riverbeds, open areas in grasslands, rooftops and roadsides. They adapt well in less disturbed areas and can be seen in town and city edges. They also mainly consume flying insects.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz yazid
Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Cynopterus brachyotis
The Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) is a medium sized fruit bat found in forests of Southeast Asia. This species is an important seed disperser of many forest trees and have been known to fly over 5km per night in search of food. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, leaves and occasionally flowers and have been known to roost at abandoned huts and sheds at the fringe of the forest. Its natural roosts are caves, modified palm leaves and tree holes. Due to its long flight capability, seed carrying capacity and unique deployment of seeds, this species is an important unit in forest regeneration process.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Amin Baqi
Peter’s Myotis
Myotis ater
Peter’s Myotis (Myotis ater) is a vesper bat that is commonly trapped in the tropical rainforest of Southeast Asia. This insectivorous bat feed on insects and flies at the understorey strata of the forest. Myotis ater are rarely caught in large numbers or groups suggesting that it’s a species that live solitarily. Little is known about this species and its current conservation status is Least Concern.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Amin Baqi
Common (Sumatran) Palm Civet
Paradoxurus musangus
The Common (Sumatran) Palm Civet (Paradoxurus musangus) is the most commonly encountered civet in Malaysia and is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java and Sumatra. Their distinct three dark stripes along the back, dark mask across the eyes and nose are easily distinguishable between civets and other mammals in the region. This species nest in tree holes and feed a variety of food including fruits and vertebrates. Due to is highly adaptable nature, this species is among the common representatives of urban biodiversity in Peninsular Malaysia.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Large Indian Civet
Viverra zibetha
The Large Indian Civet (Viverra zibetha) is a medium sized civet native to South and Southeast Asia. This civet has grey fur with a black spinal stripe running from behind the shoulders to the root of the tail and the sides and neck has black stripes and white spaces in between. Just like other civets, the Large Indian Civet feeds on a variety of animals but also eat fruits. As compared to the typical nature of the more common palm-civets who prefers the understorey and canopy of trees, the Large Indian Civet prefers to forage on the ground. This species is nocturnal and rarely seen but has been recorded in camera trapping surveys in Malaysian forests. It is currently categorized as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Mainland Leopard Cat
Prionailurus bengalensis
The Mainland Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is one of the 9 wild species of felids that are found in Peninsular Malaysia. The Mainland Leopard Cat is carnivorous and feeds on many species of small vertebrates in the tropical rainforest. Among known food species that this species have been known to hunt include young wild pigs, rodents, and birds. Although listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Mainland Leopard Cat is among the highly trafficked mammals, faces immense hunting pressure and habitat loss across its known distribution. This species is also a regular victim of roadkill in the country due to its diminutive size and nocturnal behavior.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Pig-tailed Macaque
Macaca nemestrina
The Pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) are among the commonly found primate in forests of Peninsular Malaysia. They travel in troops of 9 to 81 individuals and feed on fruits, plant parts, insect and vertebrates. They are also known to hunt in troops, targeting rodents and other vertebrates. They maintain a social hierarchy within the troop, with the stronger male are dominant while females are higher in hierarchy based on hereditary. They are easily recognized by their semi erect curved tail that resemble a pig tail, darker fur at the top and back while the rest are cream in color. They are inner forest dwellers, hence are occasionally recorded in camera traps but have been known to forage into oil palm and rubber plantations.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Sunda Slow Loris
Nycticebus coucang
The Sunda Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) is the only known venomous mammal in the world. Slow lorises have wet nose (rhinarium), a round head, small ears hidden in thick fur, a flat face, large eyes and a vestigial tail. Its nocturnal behavior makes it hard to be found and its usually spotted with the aid of torch light. Slow loris are omnivorous as they feed on plants and insects. This species is among the few monogamous primates in the world and is also the few primates that communicate via ultrasonic frequency. This species is Endangered and is immensely threatened by the pet trade.
Photo Credit: LTEC/Hafiz Yazid
Brahminy Kite
Haliastur indus
Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) is easily recognizable with its striking chestnut body and wings contrasted by a crisp white head and breast, along with a distinctive yellow hooked beak and sharp talons. Found across the country, these kites gracefully soar over coastal areas, rivers, and inlands wetlands. As opportunistic feeders, they have a varied diet including fish, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians, often swooping down with impressive aerial skills to snatch prey. The Brahminy Kite produces high-pitched, whistling calls used during communication and territorial displays. Although official local name is referred to as Lang Merah, this species is also referred as “Helang Langkawi” by local communities, inspired by the large statue of this bird on Langkawi Island.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Coppersmith Barbet
Psilopogon haemacephalus
Coppersmith Barbet (Psilopogon haemacephalus) is known for its vibrant plumage, featuring a green body, a bright red forehead, and a yellow throat, and for its distinctive metallic "tuk-tuk-tuk" call, reminiscent of a coppersmith striking metal. Found across Southeast Asia, these adaptable birds inhabit forest edges, gardens, orchards, and urban areas, often seen perched high in the canopy or on exposed branches. They primarily feed on fruits, especially figs, but also consume insects, using their strong beaks to peck at wood and extract insects from tree bark. As cavity nesters, Coppersmith Barbets excavate nests in dead trees or branches, with both males and females working together to create a suitable nesting site. Through dispersing seeds through their fruit consumption, they play a crucial role in maintaining healthy and diverse ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Daurian Starling
Agropsar sturninus
Daurian Starling (Agropsar sturninus) is distinguished by its striking appearance, featuring a vibrant purplish back, pale gray head, and buffy underparts, with males displaying an iridescent sheen during the breeding season. Native to East Asia, these migratory birds travel long distances, breeding in eastern Russia, Mongolia, and northern China, and wintering in Southeast Asia and southern China. Highly social, they form large flocks that create spectacular aerial displays. With a varied diet of insects, fruits, and flowers, Daurian Starlings often forage in open fields, agricultural areas, and gardens, aiding in insect control.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Brown-throated Sunbird
Anthreptes malacensis
Brown-throated Sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) is known for its vibrant colors, with males displaying an iridescent olive head and purple upperparts, yellow underparts, and a distinct brown throat, while females have a more subdued olive-green plumage. Found across Southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, these adaptable birds thrive in environments ranging from lowland forests to urban gardens. Primarily nectar feeders, they have long, curved bills ideal for accessing nectar from flowers and also consume insects, making them important pollinators and pest controllers. They build intricate, hanging nests using plant fibers, spider webs, and leaves, often suspended from tree branches for protection. During the breeding season, males display their vibrant plumage to attract females, and both parents share incubation and chick-rearing duties. Known for their high-pitched, rapid calls, these sunbirds are often heard before they are seen, with vocalizations playing a key role in communication. Their adaptability allows them to thrive in both natural and urban environments, making them a common sight in cities and forests.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Buffy Fish Owl
Ketupa ketupu
Buffy Fish Owl (Ketupa ketupu), also known as the Malay Fish Owl, is easily recognizable by its striking yellow eyes, prominent ear tufts, and buff-colored plumage with dark streaks. Found near water bodies in Southeast Asia, it thrives in habitats near water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and swamps. As a nocturnal bird, it hunts primarily at night, preying typically on fish, and occasional frogs, crustaceans, and larger insects. Buffy Fish Owls nest in tree cavities or on cliff ledges near water, with both parents involved in raising the chicks. Known for their range of vocalizations, including hoots, whistles, and screeches, these owls use calls to communicate with mates and establish territory.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Purple Heron
Ardea purpurea
Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) is known for its striking plumage, characterized by predominantly gray-blue feathers and a distinctive purple-brown neck and chest during breeding season. It inhabits diverse wetland environments such as marshes, swamps, lakes, and riverbanks, where it gracefully hunts for prey. With a diet comprising fish, amphibians, insects, small mammals, and birds, the Purple Heron employs patient and stealthy hunting techniques, often standing motionless or moving slowly through shallow waters. Its ability to adapt to different habitats and its elegant feeding strategy highlight its importance in maintaining balanced wetland ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
White-throated Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis
White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) captivates with its vibrant plumage, boasting a bright blue back, wings, and tail complemented by a chestnut head, distinctive white throat, and belly. Found across South and Southeast Asia, these adaptable birds inhabit various habitats such as forest edges, farmlands, and urban areas. Known for their skilled hunting prowess, they perch patiently before diving swiftly to catch preys which includes insects and small reptiles. During breeding season, pairs excavate nesting burrows in earthen banks or termite mounds, often reusing them over multiple seasons. Their vocalization, a series of cackling laughs, is characteristic during territorial displays.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Lesser Adjutant
Leptoptilos javanicus
The Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) is a striking bird found across South and Southeast Asia, known for its prehistoric appearance, standing over a meter tall with a massive bill and bare head. This fascinating stork inhabits wetlands and mangroves, where it feeds on fish, frogs, reptiles, small mammals, and birds. Lesser Adjutants build large nests high in trees or cliffs, often reusing sites year after year. Listed as "Vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List, these birds face threats from habitat loss, pollution, and hunting, making conservation efforts essential. Despite their solitary nature, they play a vital ecological role as scavengers, maintaining the health of wetland ecosystems.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Black-winged Kite
Elanus caeruleus
Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus) is easily recognized by its striking plumage, featuring white underparts, gray upperparts, and distinctive black patches on its shoulders and around its red eyes. These kites inhabit open habitats like grasslands, agricultural fields, and scrublands. Known for their exceptional hunting abilities, they hunt primarily using "kiting"—hovering in place to scan the ground for small mammals, birds, and insects before swooping down to catch their prey. Their diet mainly consists of rodents, making them valuable allies for farmers by naturally controlling pest populations. While not globally threatened and having stable populations, they still face threats from habitat loss and human disturbances, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Brown Shrike
Lanius cristatus
Brown Shrike (Lanius cristatus) is recognized by its rich brown upperparts, pale underparts, and a striking black "mask" across its eyes. Found breeding across temperate Asia, including Siberia and northern China, these birds migrate to Southeast Asia during winter, thriving in forests, scrublands, agricultural areas, and gardens. These small migratory birds travel long distances between their breeding and wintering grounds, showcasing their endurance and adaptability. Known as "butcher birds," Brown Shrikes catch insects, small birds, and mammals, impaling their prey on thorns or barbed wire to eat later or mark their territory. Their diet consists mainly of insects like beetles and grasshoppers, but they also hunt small birds, lizards, and rodents.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Eastern Marsh Harrier
Circus spilonotus
Eastern Marsh Harrier (Circus spilonotus ) is a raptor known for its long wings, slender body, and distinctive white rump patch. These harriers inhabit wetlands such as marshes, reed beds, and rice paddies, where they hunt for small mammals, birds, amphibians, and insects. Skilled hunters, they soar low over marshlands to capture prey using sharp talons from ground or water surfaces. Some populations migrate seasonally between breeding and wintering grounds, including into Malaysia and in Bandar Universiti Pagoh wetlands. Although not globally threatened, Eastern Marsh Harriers face habitat loss from wetland drainage, agricultural intensification, and human disturbance, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to protect and restore their vital wetland habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Intermediate Egret
Ardea intermedia
Intermediate Egret (Ardea intermedia ), also now known as the Medium Egret, is a medium-sized egret known
for its elegant appearance, with a sleek, white plumage and striking yellow eyes. They inhabits diverse wetland
habitats including lakes, rivers, marshes, and coastal lagoons, as well as urban ponds and agricultural fields. A
skilled predator, it stalks shallow waters for fish, frogs, lizards, crustaceans, and insects, using its sharp bill
with precision.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Lesser Whistling Duck
Dendrocygna javanica
Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica ) is easily recognized by its chestnut-brown body, contrasting
pale head and neck, and bright red bill, with prominent white patches on its wings visible during flight. These
ducks inhabit diverse wetlands like marshes, ponds, lakes, and flooded fields. They are known for their vocal
nature, producing distinctive whistling calls during flight and foraging, echoing through their habitats. Omnivorous
feeders, they consume plant matter, seeds, insects, and small aquatic creatures, dabbling in shallow water or
grazing on land. Social birds, they gather in large flocks outside the breeding season, engaging in synchronized
swimming and foraging. During breeding, pairs nest in dense vegetation near water, with both parents caring for the
ducklings. While not globally threatened, Lesser Whistling Ducks face challenges from habitat loss, pollution, and
hunting, prompting conservation efforts to protect their wetland habitats and ensure sustainable management
practices.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Oriental Pratincole
Glareola maldivarum
Oriental Pratincole (Glareola maldivarum) is a slender, long-winged bird with brownish upperparts, white
underparts, and a distinctive black collar and face mask, blending perfectly into grassland and wetland habitats.
Unlike typical birds, Oriental Pratincoles are primarily crepuscular, hunting flying insects like ants and beetles
at dusk and dawn with agile flight maneuvers. They nest on open ground in shallow scrapes lined with vegetation or
feathers, laying speckled eggs. Their impressive long-distance migrations span thousands of kilometers annually,
navigating between breeding and wintering grounds, where population in Peninsular Malaysia are both migratory and
residents.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Gray-headed Swamphen/Purple Swamphen
Porphyrio poliocephalus
Gray-headed Swamphen, also known as the Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus), is a visually stunning bird
with vibrant plumage featuring deep blues, purples, and greens, complemented by a red bill and frontal shield, and a
distinctive gray head and neck. They thrive in habitats rich in aquatic vegetation and shallow water, ideal for their
omnivorous diet of plants, seeds, insects, small fish, and bird eggs. During breeding, they construct large nests of
reeds and plants in dense vegetation near water, with both parents caring for the young. Social birds, they communicate
through loud calls and engage in territorial displays, particularly during breeding season. While generally stable,
Gray-headed Swamphens face threats from habitat loss due to wetland drainage, pollution, and urban development,
prompting conservation efforts to protect their habitats.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri,
Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Red-wattled Lapwing
Vanellus indicus
Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) is easily distinguished by its striking appearance, featuring a brown
back, white belly, and a distinctive red facial wattled patch around its eyes, complemented by a black crown, white
throat, and long legs. They inhabit diverse habitats such as open grasslands, fields, wetlands, and agricultural areas,
often near water and human settlements. Known for their loud, repeated "did-he-do-it" calls echoing through their
territories, especially during breeding and territorial defense, these lapwings nest on the ground displaying protective
behaviors like distraction displays to deter predators. They forage on insects, small invertebrates, and occasionally
seeds, using their long legs and slender bills to probe and capture prey. Socially vigilant in pairs or small groups,
Red-wattled Lapwings exhibit bold territorial behaviors, contributing to their adaptability despite threats from habitat
loss due to urbanization, agriculture, and wetland degradation.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
Southeast Asian Box Turtle/Amboina Box Turtle
Cuora coura
The Southeast Asian Box Turtle or also known as Amboina Box Turtle (Cuora coura) is distinguished by its
striking appearance, featuring a dark brown or black domed shell adorned with yellow or orange markings, along with
vibrant patterns on its head and legs. Native to our country these semi-aquatic turtles inhabit freshwater habitats
like rivers, streams, ponds, and marshes, favoring areas with dense vegetation and muddy substrates. They are adept
swimmers and baskers, often seen sunning on logs or rocks near water. Omnivorous in diet, they consume aquatic
plants, algae, small fish, insects, and occasional carrion, using their powerful jaws and sharp beaks. Threatened by
habitat loss from urbanization, agriculture, and illegal pet trade, conservation efforts focus on habitat protection
and sustainable management to safeguard these land turtles.
Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
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Photos taken at actual site by Izereen Mukri, Ecologist, Sime Darby Property.
